1. Failure mode 1, web crippling below the stiffener:
Yielding in the web below the bottom of the stiffener
with or without excessive yielding in the stiffener
led to the web crippling failure mode and was seen
in case of all half-depth stiffeners where the load was
applied through a plate. It was also seen in the case of
specimens with thick half-depth stiffeners subjected to
concentric loading through a roller. Figures 4 and 5
show test specimens that failed in this mode.