Investigations
There are various investigations that the patient with AKI needs to have. These investigations should be individualized
depending on the patient’s clinical circumstances. It is not necessary, for example, for a patient to have a barrage of immunological investigations if s/he has a urinary tract obstruction, i.e. post renal AKI. However, these investigations may
be warranted if the diagnosis is unclear, or there may be a renal inflammatory disorder in the presence of proteinuria and/ or haematuria. There is increasing awareness in the development of newer serum and urine biomarkers for early diagnosis of AKI. Within 24–48 hours after injury, serum creatinine normally rises, but by this time the proverbial
horse has bolted. It is proposed that biomarkers that can distinguish renal injury within hours