Teitel et aP classified the laryngeal involvement in SLE into nine catego- ries: mucosal inflammation, infection, vasculitis, paralysis of the vocal fold, cricoarytenoid arthritis, subglottic stenosis, inflammatory tumor, acute epiglottitis, and nodules (rheumatoid or bamboo). The mucosal inflammation may lead to mucosal thick- ening, laryngeal scarring, and vocal fold thickening.