1-362 Generally, the response will be a combination of all three and individuals and the team will frequently need positive management if they are to emerge committed to the change. This management needs to be planed, it is much less affective if it becomes a retrospective justification: therefore, the ship manager needs tp think ahead when implementing change and to help the master plan for its implementation. One approach to managing change (developed by Flora Elkind Associates) identifies four stages through which individuals will pass. The process is illustrated below.