less severe loss of antioxidant activity, but greater loss of antimicrobial activity. In resource-poor countries, flash-heat treatment (temperature above 56 degress C for 6 min 15 seconds) does not alter milk antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, only minimally decreases lactoferrin antibacterial activity, but significantly diminishes lysozyme antibacterial activity.Further research to determine the optimal pasteurization method to minimize risk and maximize bioactivity has great potential benefit for premature infants.