Facility with this competency draws on content knowledge, a knowledge of the common procedures used in science, and the function of these procedures in justifying any claims advanced by science . procedural and epistemic knowledge serve two function. First, such knowledge is required by individuals to appraise scientific investigations and decide whether they have followed appropriate procedures and whether the conclusions are warranted. Second, individuals who have this knowledge should be able to propose, at least in broad terms, how a scientific question might be investigated appropriately.