also illustrated basic tendency, distribution, and group information at a glance. Such an overview is
necessary for gaining a better understanding of how to apply further data mining techniques.
Clustering algorithms were used to categorize students into homogeneous groups. K-means clustering
techniques were applied to group students based on their shared characteristics: learning preference,
time, duration, frequency, and learning performance. This method was based on distance concepts
among individual participants and was intended to gather individuals who were close into the same
group for further analysis (Roiger and Geatz, 2003).
Association rules were applied to find non-sequential relationships among two or more variables. An
example of association rules in this study would be “behavior A