Goal-Congruency Issues Perhaps the greatest behavioral challenge in capital budgeting relates to the need to align DCF decision models (such as NPV) with models used to evaluate subsequent financial performance. Typically, accrual-based measures of profitability, such as return on investment (ROI), are used to evaluate financial performance of managers and organizational subunits. As the following example shows, managers may not be motivated to make decisions that are in the best interest of the organization when NPV is used for decision making but accrual accounting income numbers are used subsequently for performance-evaluation purposes.