Page 1
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Experiment
Isolation of Clove Oil by Steam Distillation
7
Objectives
1)
To isolate clove oil from cloves by steam distillation and extraction.
2)
To characterize the product using simple chemical reactions.
Introduction
Simple and fractional distillations are carried out on miscible mixtures. Ideal mixtures
follow Raoult’s law: the total vapor pressure of the system is determined by adding together the
products of the vapor pressure and the respective mole fraction of each compound. For a two-
compound system, this relationship is shown in Equation 1, where PT is the total vapor
pressure, P1
0 and P2
0 are the vapor pressures of pure compounds 1 and 2, and X1 and X2 are
their respective mole fractions.
PT = P1
0X1 + P2
0X2
(Eq. 1)
Distillation can also be performed on mixtures in which the two compounds are not
miscible. This process is called co-distillation. When one of the compounds is water, the
process is called steam distillation.
When two immiscible liquids are distilled, the total vapor pressure PT above the liquid is
equal to the sum of the vapor pressure of each compound. This relationship, known as Dalton’s
law, is shown in Equation 2. The respective mole fractions are not included in this equation
because, in an ideal situation, each liquid vaporizes independently of the other. When PT is
equal to atmospheric pressure of 760 torr, compounds 1 and 2 begin to co-distill, with each
compound contributing to PT.
PT = P1
0 + P2
0
(Eq. 2)
Page 2
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Consider water as compound 1. The vapor pressure of pure water at its boiling point of
100 °C is 760 torr. Because compound 2 also contributes to PT, the mixture will distill at a
temperature less than 100 °C. The actual distillation temperature will depend on the vapor
pressure of compound 2. Steam distillation offers an advantage in that volatile compounds that
are unstable or have high boiling points can co-distill with water at relatively low temperatures.
This process avoids decomposition that might occur at the normal boiling point of the
compound of interest. For example, eugenol, the major compound of clove oil, boils at a
relatively high temperature of 254 °C. Steam distillation avoids this high temperature and
results in the distillation of eugenol at a temperature slightly less than 100 °C.
In practice, steam distillation is usually carried out by one of two methods. In the first
method, an excess amount of water is added to the compound of interest in a distilling flask.
The mixture is then heated to the boiling point. The resulting vapor is condensed and collected
in a receiving flask. The compound of interest is then separated from water, often by
extraction. In the second method, steam is bubbled into the compound of interest to effect the
distillation. In this experiment, the first method will be used because it is easier to set up.
Clove oil belongs to a large class of natural products called the essential oils. Many of
these compounds are used as flavorings and perfumes and, in the past, were considered to be
the “essence” of the plant from which they were derived.
Cloves (กานพลู in Thai) are the dried flower buds of the clove tree, Eugenia
caryophyllata, found in India and other locations in the Far East. Steam distillation of freshly
ground cloves results in clove oil, which consists of several compounds. Eugenol is the major
compound, comprising 85-90 %. Eugenol acetate comprises 9-10 %. These structures are shown
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Structures for (a) eugenol and (b) eugenol acetate
Eugenol contains a carbon-carbon double bond and an aromatic hydroxyl group called a
phenol. These functional groups provide the basis for simple chemical tests used to characterize
the clove oil. A solution of bromine (Br2) in chloroform decolorizes as Br2 reacts with the double
Page 3
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bond to form a colorless compound, as shown in Equation 3. A positive test is the
disappearance of the Br2 color.
A potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution can oxidize a double bond at room
temperature to form a 1,2-diol with the simultaneous reduction of Mn7+ in manganese oxide
(MnO2), as shown in Equation 4. A positive test is the disappearance of the purple KMnO4 and
the appearance of MnO2 as a brown precipitate.
Phenols (ArOH) react with the Fe3+ ion in iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) to give complexes that are
blue, green, red, or purple, as shown in Equation 5. The color may last for only a few seconds or
for many hours, depending on the stability of the complex.
In this experiment, you will steam distill clove oil from freshly ground cloves. Following
the distillation, clove oil and water will be present in the receiving flask. Because clove oil will
be a minor fraction of the distillate, the clove oil must be extracted from the water into an
organic solvent such as dichloromethane. Removing dichloromethane leaves clove oil as the
product.
Page 4
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Experimental Procedure
Part A: Isolation of Clove Oil
1) Weigh 5 g of dry cloves. Grind them to a coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. Reweigh
the powder and record the weight.
2) Transfer the ground cloves to a 100 mL round-bottom flask. Add 50 mL of distilled water
and a few boiling chips.
3) Assemble the distillation apparatus (Figure 2). Use the 100 mL round-bottom flask as the
pot and 50 mL graduated cylinder or Erlenmeyer flask as the receiver. Start the flow of
water through the condenser.
Figure 2 Distillation set up
4) Ask your instructor to inspect your equipment set up. Turn on the heating mantle. When
the mixture boils, adjust the heat to maintain a distillation rate of approximately 1 drop per
second.
5) Stop the distillation when approximately 30-40 mL of distillate has been collected.
6) Allow the distillate to cool to room temperature. Carefully pour the distillate into a
separatory funnel. Add 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution.
Page 5
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7) Rinse the inside of the condenser and the receiver with 5-10 mL of CH2Cl2 into the
separatory funnel.
8) Cap the separatory funnel and gently swirl the contents for several seconds. Vent the
separatory funnel frequently. After the pressure has been vented, shake the contents
vigorously to thoroughly mix the two layers.
9) Allow the layers to separate. Drain the CH2Cl2 layer into an Erlenmeyer flask.
10) Repeat the extraction of the aqueous layer twice, each time with 5 mL portion of CH2Cl2.
Combine organic layer in the same Erlenmeyer flask.
11) Dry the combined CH2Cl2 solution with anhydrous Na2SO4.
12) Decant the CH2Cl2 solution into a pre-weighed ceramic evaporating dish, making certain that
no Na2SO4 is transferred with the solution.
13) Place the evaporating dish on a hot water bath to remove CH2Cl2.
14) When all of the CH2Cl2 has been evaporated, allow the evaporating dish to cool to room
temperature. Weigh it to the nearest 0.001 g and record the weight. Subtract the mass of
the empty dish to obtain the mass of the clove oil.
15) Report the weight and percent yield of clove oil to your instructor.
Part B: Characterization of the Isolated Clove Oil
1) Dissolve the clove oil in 2-3 mL of methanol.
2) Obtain six test tubes and label them 1-6. Label tubes 2, 4, and 6 as “blank”. Add 1 mL of
methanol to all 6 test tubes.
3) Add 5 drops of clove-oil solution to tubes 1, 3, and 5. Gently swirl each tube.
4) Add 5 drops of bromine in chloroform to tubes 1 and 2. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
5) Add 5 drops of KMnO4 solution to test tubes 3 and 4. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
6) Add a few drops of FeCl3 solution to test tubes 5 and 6. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
Laboratory Safety Precaution
1) Wear safety goggles and lab coat at all times while working in the laboratory.
2) Dichloromethane is irritating and toxic. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact.
3) Anhydrous sodium sulfate is irritating and hygroscopic.
Page 6
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4) Methanol is flammable and toxic. Keep away from flames or heat sources.
5) Bromine and potassium permanganate are toxic and irritating. Prevent eye, skin, and
clothing contact.
6) Wash your hands thoroughly with soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory
Page 1
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Experiment
Isolation of Clove Oil by Steam Distillation
7
Objectives
1)
To isolate clove oil from cloves by steam distillation and extraction.
2)
To characterize the product using simple chemical reactions.
Introduction
Simple and fractional distillations are carried out on miscible mixtures. Ideal mixtures
follow Raoult’s law: the total vapor pressure of the system is determined by adding together the
products of the vapor pressure and the respective mole fraction of each compound. For a two-
compound system, this relationship is shown in Equation 1, where PT is the total vapor
pressure, P1
0 and P2
0 are the vapor pressures of pure compounds 1 and 2, and X1 and X2 are
their respective mole fractions.
PT = P1
0X1 + P2
0X2
(Eq. 1)
Distillation can also be performed on mixtures in which the two compounds are not
miscible. This process is called co-distillation. When one of the compounds is water, the
process is called steam distillation.
When two immiscible liquids are distilled, the total vapor pressure PT above the liquid is
equal to the sum of the vapor pressure of each compound. This relationship, known as Dalton’s
law, is shown in Equation 2. The respective mole fractions are not included in this equation
because, in an ideal situation, each liquid vaporizes independently of the other. When PT is
equal to atmospheric pressure of 760 torr, compounds 1 and 2 begin to co-distill, with each
compound contributing to PT.
PT = P1
0 + P2
0
(Eq. 2)
Page 2
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Consider water as compound 1. The vapor pressure of pure water at its boiling point of
100 °C is 760 torr. Because compound 2 also contributes to PT, the mixture will distill at a
temperature less than 100 °C. The actual distillation temperature will depend on the vapor
pressure of compound 2. Steam distillation offers an advantage in that volatile compounds that
are unstable or have high boiling points can co-distill with water at relatively low temperatures.
This process avoids decomposition that might occur at the normal boiling point of the
compound of interest. For example, eugenol, the major compound of clove oil, boils at a
relatively high temperature of 254 °C. Steam distillation avoids this high temperature and
results in the distillation of eugenol at a temperature slightly less than 100 °C.
In practice, steam distillation is usually carried out by one of two methods. In the first
method, an excess amount of water is added to the compound of interest in a distilling flask.
The mixture is then heated to the boiling point. The resulting vapor is condensed and collected
in a receiving flask. The compound of interest is then separated from water, often by
extraction. In the second method, steam is bubbled into the compound of interest to effect the
distillation. In this experiment, the first method will be used because it is easier to set up.
Clove oil belongs to a large class of natural products called the essential oils. Many of
these compounds are used as flavorings and perfumes and, in the past, were considered to be
the “essence” of the plant from which they were derived.
Cloves (กานพลู in Thai) are the dried flower buds of the clove tree, Eugenia
caryophyllata, found in India and other locations in the Far East. Steam distillation of freshly
ground cloves results in clove oil, which consists of several compounds. Eugenol is the major
compound, comprising 85-90 %. Eugenol acetate comprises 9-10 %. These structures are shown
in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Structures for (a) eugenol and (b) eugenol acetate
Eugenol contains a carbon-carbon double bond and an aromatic hydroxyl group called a
phenol. These functional groups provide the basis for simple chemical tests used to characterize
the clove oil. A solution of bromine (Br2) in chloroform decolorizes as Br2 reacts with the double
Page 3
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bond to form a colorless compound, as shown in Equation 3. A positive test is the
disappearance of the Br2 color.
A potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution can oxidize a double bond at room
temperature to form a 1,2-diol with the simultaneous reduction of Mn7+ in manganese oxide
(MnO2), as shown in Equation 4. A positive test is the disappearance of the purple KMnO4 and
the appearance of MnO2 as a brown precipitate.
Phenols (ArOH) react with the Fe3+ ion in iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) to give complexes that are
blue, green, red, or purple, as shown in Equation 5. The color may last for only a few seconds or
for many hours, depending on the stability of the complex.
In this experiment, you will steam distill clove oil from freshly ground cloves. Following
the distillation, clove oil and water will be present in the receiving flask. Because clove oil will
be a minor fraction of the distillate, the clove oil must be extracted from the water into an
organic solvent such as dichloromethane. Removing dichloromethane leaves clove oil as the
product.
Page 4
- 52 -
Experimental Procedure
Part A: Isolation of Clove Oil
1) Weigh 5 g of dry cloves. Grind them to a coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. Reweigh
the powder and record the weight.
2) Transfer the ground cloves to a 100 mL round-bottom flask. Add 50 mL of distilled water
and a few boiling chips.
3) Assemble the distillation apparatus (Figure 2). Use the 100 mL round-bottom flask as the
pot and 50 mL graduated cylinder or Erlenmeyer flask as the receiver. Start the flow of
water through the condenser.
Figure 2 Distillation set up
4) Ask your instructor to inspect your equipment set up. Turn on the heating mantle. When
the mixture boils, adjust the heat to maintain a distillation rate of approximately 1 drop per
second.
5) Stop the distillation when approximately 30-40 mL of distillate has been collected.
6) Allow the distillate to cool to room temperature. Carefully pour the distillate into a
separatory funnel. Add 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution.
Page 5
- 53 -
7) Rinse the inside of the condenser and the receiver with 5-10 mL of CH2Cl2 into the
separatory funnel.
8) Cap the separatory funnel and gently swirl the contents for several seconds. Vent the
separatory funnel frequently. After the pressure has been vented, shake the contents
vigorously to thoroughly mix the two layers.
9) Allow the layers to separate. Drain the CH2Cl2 layer into an Erlenmeyer flask.
10) Repeat the extraction of the aqueous layer twice, each time with 5 mL portion of CH2Cl2.
Combine organic layer in the same Erlenmeyer flask.
11) Dry the combined CH2Cl2 solution with anhydrous Na2SO4.
12) Decant the CH2Cl2 solution into a pre-weighed ceramic evaporating dish, making certain that
no Na2SO4 is transferred with the solution.
13) Place the evaporating dish on a hot water bath to remove CH2Cl2.
14) When all of the CH2Cl2 has been evaporated, allow the evaporating dish to cool to room
temperature. Weigh it to the nearest 0.001 g and record the weight. Subtract the mass of
the empty dish to obtain the mass of the clove oil.
15) Report the weight and percent yield of clove oil to your instructor.
Part B: Characterization of the Isolated Clove Oil
1) Dissolve the clove oil in 2-3 mL of methanol.
2) Obtain six test tubes and label them 1-6. Label tubes 2, 4, and 6 as “blank”. Add 1 mL of
methanol to all 6 test tubes.
3) Add 5 drops of clove-oil solution to tubes 1, 3, and 5. Gently swirl each tube.
4) Add 5 drops of bromine in chloroform to tubes 1 and 2. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
5) Add 5 drops of KMnO4 solution to test tubes 3 and 4. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
6) Add a few drops of FeCl3 solution to test tubes 5 and 6. Gently swirl and record your
observation.
Laboratory Safety Precaution
1) Wear safety goggles and lab coat at all times while working in the laboratory.
2) Dichloromethane is irritating and toxic. Prevent eye, skin, and clothing contact.
3) Anhydrous sodium sulfate is irritating and hygroscopic.
Page 6
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4) Methanol is flammable and toxic. Keep away from flames or heat sources.
5) Bromine and potassium permanganate are toxic and irritating. Prevent eye, skin, and
clothing contact.
6) Wash your hands thoroughly with soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
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Page 1
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Experiment
Isolation of Clove Oil by Steam Distillation
7
Objectives
1)
To isolate clove oil from cloves by steam distillation and extraction.
2)
To characterize the product using simple chemical reactions.
Introduction
Simple and fractional distillations are carried out on miscible mixtures. Ideal mixtures
follow Raoult’s law: the total vapor pressure of the system is determined by adding together the
products of the vapor pressure and the respective mole fraction of each compound. For a two-
compound system, this relationship is shown in Equation 1, where PT is the total vapor
pressure, P1
0 and P2
0 are the vapor pressures of pure compounds 1 and 2, and X1 and X2 are
their respective mole fractions.
PT = P1
0x2 0x1 P2
( อีคิว 1 )
การกลั่นยังสามารถดำเนินการในส่วนผสม ซึ่งสารสองไม่ได้
ได้ . กระบวนการนี้เรียกว่าการกลั่นจำกัด เมื่อหนึ่งของสารประกอบ คือ น้ำ ,
กระบวนการที่เรียกว่าการกลั่นไอน้ำ .
เมื่อสองแยกเฟสของเหลวกลั่น รวมความดันไอของเหลว PT ข้างบน
เท่ากับผลรวมของความดันไอของแต่ละสารประกอบ ความสัมพันธ์นี้ known as Dalton’s
law, is shown in Equation 2. The respective mole fractions are not included in this equation
because, in an ideal situation, each liquid vaporizes independently of the other. When PT is
equal to atmospheric pressure of 760 torr, compounds 1 and 2 begin to co-distill, with each
compound contributing to PT.
PT = P1
0 P2
0
(Eq. 2)
Page 2
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Consider water as compound 1.ที่ความดันไอของน้ำบริสุทธิ์ที่จุดเดือด 100 องศา C
760 ทอร์ เพราะสารประกอบ 2 ยังก่อให้เกิด PT , ผสมจะกลั่นกรองที่
อุณหภูมิมากกว่า 100 องศา อุณหภูมิการกลั่นที่แท้จริงจะขึ้นอยู่กับแรงดันไอน้ำ
สาร 2 การกลั่นไอน้ำมีข้อดีตรงที่ระเหยที่
ไม่เสถียรหรือมีจุดเดือดสูง สามารถร่วมกลั่นกรองด้วยน้ำที่อุณหภูมิค่อนข้างต่ำ .
กระบวนการนี้เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการสลายตัวที่อาจเกิดขึ้นที่จุดเดือดปกติของ
สารประกอบที่น่าสนใจ ตัวอย่างเช่น , eugenol , สารประกอบหลักของน้ำมันกานพลู เดือดที่อุณหภูมิค่อนข้างสูง
254 องศา กลั่นด้วยไอน้ำอุณหภูมิสูงและ
หลีกเลี่ยงนี้results in the distillation of eugenol at a temperature slightly less than 100 °C.
In practice, steam distillation is usually carried out by one of two methods. In the first
method, an excess amount of water is added to the compound of interest in a distilling flask.
The mixture is then heated to the boiling point. The resulting vapor is condensed and collected
in a receiving flask.สารประกอบที่น่าสนใจคือ แล้วแยกจากน้ำ มักจะโดย
การสกัด ในวิธีที่สอง ไอฟองเข้ามาสนใจผล
การกลั่น ในการทดลองนี้ วิธีแรกจะใช้เพราะมันเป็นเรื่องง่ายที่จะตั้งค่า .
น้ำมันกานพลูเป็นของใหญ่ระดับของผลิตภัณฑ์ธรรมชาติที่เรียกว่าน้ำมันหอมระเหย . หลาย
these compounds are used as flavorings and perfumes and, in the past, were considered to be
the “essence” of the plant from which they were derived.
Cloves (กานพลู in Thai) are the dried flower buds of the clove tree, Eugenia
caryophyllata, found in India and other locations in the Far East. Steam distillation of freshly
ground cloves results in clove oil,ซึ่งประกอบด้วยหลายสาร ยูจินอลเป็นสารสําคัญ
ประกอบด้วย 85-90% . ยูจีนอลอะซีประกอบด้วย 9-10 % โครงสร้างเหล่านี้จะแสดงในรูปที่ 1
.
รูปที่ 1 โครงสร้างสำหรับ ( ก ) และ ( ข ) ยูจีนอลอะซีเตทสำหรับ
สำหรับประกอบด้วยคาร์บอนคาร์บอนพันธะคู่และหมู่อะโรมาติกเรียกว่า
ฟีนอล These functional groups provide the basis for simple chemical tests used to characterize
the clove oil. A solution of bromine (Br2) in chloroform decolorizes as Br2 reacts with the double
Page 3
- 51 -
bond to form a colorless compound, as shown in Equation 3. A positive test is the
disappearance of the Br2 color.
A potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution can oxidize a double bond at room
อุณหภูมิในรูปแบบ 1,2-diol ด้วยการลดพร้อมกัน mn7 ในแมงกานีสออกไซด์
( mno2 ) ดังแสดงในสมการที่ 4 การทดสอบในเชิงบวกคือการหายไปของ KMnO4 สีม่วง
ลักษณะของ mno2 เป็นตะกอนสีน้ำตาล
ฟีนอล ( aroh ) ทำปฏิกิริยากับไอออนเหล็ก ( III ) fe3 คลอไรด์ ( FeCl3 ) เพื่อให้สารประกอบเชิงซ้อนที่มี
สีฟ้า สีเขียว สีแดง หรือสีม่วง ดังแสดงในสมการที่ 5สีอาจคงอยู่เพียงไม่กี่วินาทีหรือ
เป็นเวลาหลายชั่วโมง ขึ้นอยู่กับเสถียรภาพของซับซ้อน .
ในการทดลองนี้ คุณจะได้ไอน้ำกลั่นน้ำมันกานพลูจากกลีบสด ๆพื้นดิน ต่อไปนี้
กลั่น , น้ำมันและน้ำจะถูกนำเสนอในการรับขวดมา เพราะน้ำมันกานพลูจะ
เป็นเศษส่วนเล็กน้อยของกลั่น , น้ำมันกานพลูจะต้องถูกแยกจากน้ำเป็น
organic solvent such as dichloromethane. Removing dichloromethane leaves clove oil as the
product.
Page 4
- 52 -
Experimental Procedure
Part A: Isolation of Clove Oil
1) Weigh 5 g of dry cloves. Grind them to a coarse powder using a mortar and pestle. Reweigh
the powder and record the weight.
2) Transfer the ground cloves to a 100 mL round-bottom flask. Add 50 mL of distilled water
and a few boiling chips.
3) Assemble the distillation apparatus (Figure 2). Use the 100 mL round-bottom flask as the
pot and 50 mL graduated cylinder or Erlenmeyer flask as the receiver. Start the flow of
water through the condenser.
Figure 2 Distillation set up
4) Ask your instructor to inspect your equipment set up. Turn on the heating mantle. When
the mixture boils, adjust the heat to maintain a distillation rate of approximately 1 drop per
second.
5) Stop the distillation when approximately 30-40 mL of distillate has been collected.
6) Allow the distillate to cool to room temperature. Carefully pour the distillate into a
separatory funnel. Add 10 mL of saturated NaCl solution.
Page 5
- 53 -
7) Rinse the inside of the condenser and the receiver with 5-10 mL of CH2Cl2 into the
separatory funnel.
8) Cap the separatory funnel and gently swirl the contents for several seconds. Vent the
separatory funnel frequently. After the pressure has been vented, shake the contents
vigorously to thoroughly mix the two layers.
9) Allow the layers to separate.ระบายเป็นชั้น ch2cl2 เออร์เลนเมเยอร์ขวด .
10 ) ย้ำสกัดชั้นน้ำ สองครั้ง ครั้งละ 5 มิลลิลิตร ส่วนของ ch2cl2 .
รวมอินทรีย์เยอร์ในขวดเออร์เลนเมเยอร์เดียวกัน .
11 ) บริการโซลูชั่น ch2cl2 รวมกับรัส na2so4 .
12 ) รินโซลูชั่น ch2cl2 เข้าไปก่อนชั่งน้ำหนัก เซรามิค ระเหยจานให้แน่ใจว่าไม่มี na2so4
โอน
ด้วยโซลูชั่น13 ) สถานที่ระเหยอาหารในน้ำร้อนเพื่อลบ ch2cl2 .
14 ) เมื่อทั้งหมดของ ch2cl2 ถูกงวด ให้ระเหยจานให้เย็นเพื่ออุณหภูมิห้อง
ชั่งมันใกล้ 0.001 กรัมและบันทึกน้ำหนัก ลบมวลของจานว่างเปล่า
ได้รับมวลของน้ำมันกานพลู .
15 ) รายงานน้ำหนักและเปอร์เซ็นต์ผลผลิตของน้ำมันกานพลูกับอาจารย์ของคุณ .
ส่วน B :การแยกน้ำมันกานพลู
1 ) ละลายน้ำมันกานพลูใน 2-3 ml ของเมทานอล .
2 ) ได้รับหกหลอดทดลองและป้ายชื่อพวกเขา 1-6 ป้ายหลอด 2 , 4 และ 6 เป็น " ว่าง " เพิ่ม 1 มิลลิลิตรต่อหลอดทดสอบ 6
.
3 ) เพิ่ม 5 หยดของสารละลายน้ำมันกานพลูกับหลอด 1 , 3 และ 5 . ค่อยๆหมุนหลอดแต่ละ .
4 ) เพิ่ม 5 หยดโบรมีนในคลอโรฟอร์ม หลอดที่ 1 และ 2 ค่อยๆหมุนและบันทึกของคุณ
การสังเกต .
5 ) เพิ่ม 5 หยดสารละลาย KMnO4 ทดสอบหลอดที่ 3 และ 4 ค่อยๆหมุนและบันทึกการสังเกตของคุณ
.
6 ) เพิ่มไม่กี่หยอด FeCl3 โซลูชั่นเพื่อทดสอบหลอดที่ 5 และ 6 ค่อยๆหมุนและบันทึกการสังเกตของคุณ
.
ปฏิบัติการป้องกันความปลอดภัย
1 ) สวมแว่นตานิรภัย และเสื้อ Lab ตลอดเวลาขณะทำงานในห้องปฏิบัติการ .
2 ) ไดคลอโรมีเทนเป็น irritating และเป็นพิษ ป้องกันตา , ผิวหนัง and clothing contact.
3) Anhydrous sodium sulfate is irritating and hygroscopic.
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4) Methanol is flammable and toxic. Keep away from flames or heat sources.
5) Bromine and potassium permanganate are toxic and irritating. Prevent eye, skin, and
clothing contact.
6) Wash your hands thoroughly with soap or detergent before leaving the laboratory
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