Bleaching is a whitening process that is used in the
paper industry to produce paper with high brightness.
Chemicals—such as chlorine gas (C), sodium
hypochlorite (H), oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (X),
ozone (Z), and chlorine dioxide (D)— are used in
various combinations to produce pulp with the desired
properties. Recent limitations on the use of chlorine
(and hypochlorite) have resulted in more extensive
use of chlorine dioxide as an alternate bleaching
chemical. Chlorine dioxide bleaching is referred to as
Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) and is the process
used in over 50% of U.S. mills.
The chlorine dioxide is mixed with the pulp and contacted
in each D (chlorine dioxide) tower (see Figure 1)
for about 1 hour per stage. The primary purpose of
bleaching is to maximize removal of the lignin binding
agents in the pulp without degradation of carbohydrates,
which weakens the final product (paper). The
pH is maintained at relatively low levels (around 4) to
foster rapid chemical reaction. Higher pH levels require
more chlorine dioxide for equivalent bleaching action.
Following bleaching in each D tower, the reacted lignin
is removed by dissolving the lignin under high pH
conditions (typically over 11). Lower pH levels will not
dissolve all of the lignin. This caustic extraction (E)
stage is preceded by a washing step to reclaim the
chlorine dioxide and to minimize carryover of the acidic
chemicals. The amount of caustic needed is proportional
to the amount of bleach added in the D stage.
Bleach plant sequences vary widely from mill to mill;
however, the D-E-D-E stage sequence is quite common.
At least 2 bleaching stages are generally
required to produce the specified brightness, with
additional stages for more specialized uses.
Consistency (% solids) is typically maintained at a
high level (up to 10%) to minimize water use.
Temperature is controlled around 140°F (60°C), and
doses of 5% chlorine dioxide are common.
Bleaching is a whitening process that is used in thepaper industry to produce paper with high brightness.Chemicals—such as chlorine gas (C), sodiumhypochlorite (H), oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (X),ozone (Z), and chlorine dioxide (D)— are used invarious combinations to produce pulp with the desiredproperties. Recent limitations on the use of chlorine(and hypochlorite) have resulted in more extensiveuse of chlorine dioxide as an alternate bleachingchemical. Chlorine dioxide bleaching is referred to asElemental Chlorine Free (ECF) and is the processused in over 50% of U.S. mills.The chlorine dioxide is mixed with the pulp and contactedin each D (chlorine dioxide) tower (see Figure 1)for about 1 hour per stage. The primary purpose ofbleaching is to maximize removal of the lignin bindingagents in the pulp without degradation of carbohydrates,which weakens the final product (paper). ThepH is maintained at relatively low levels (around 4) tofoster rapid chemical reaction. Higher pH levels requiremore chlorine dioxide for equivalent bleaching action.Following bleaching in each D tower, the reacted ligninis removed by dissolving the lignin under high pHconditions (typically over 11). Lower pH levels will notdissolve all of the lignin. This caustic extraction (E)stage is preceded by a washing step to reclaim thechlorine dioxide and to minimize carryover of the acidicchemicals. The amount of caustic needed is proportionalto the amount of bleach added in the D stage.
Bleach plant sequences vary widely from mill to mill;
however, the D-E-D-E stage sequence is quite common.
At least 2 bleaching stages are generally
required to produce the specified brightness, with
additional stages for more specialized uses.
Consistency (% solids) is typically maintained at a
high level (up to 10%) to minimize water use.
Temperature is controlled around 140°F (60°C), and
doses of 5% chlorine dioxide are common.
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