As regards to social demographics, age of child, age of the mother at the time of the survey and at time of delivery, and education level of both parents were all significantly associated to ECC pattern. Indeed, at univariate analysis, ECC prevalence significantly increased with age of the child, ranging from 8.7% in 3 years old children to 29.8% in 5 years old children (χ 2 for trend = 22.89; p < 0.001), whereas it significantly decreased with increasing age of the mother at the time of the survey, ranging from 30.5% in mothers ≤ 30 years to 15.2% in ≥ 41 years of age (χ 2 for trend = 4.94; p = 0.026) and at the time of delivery, ranging from 31.4% in mothers delivering at 25 or younger to 12.7% in those older than 35 at delivery (χ 2 for trend = 9.36; p = 0.002); the same significant decreasing trend of ECC prevalence was found for education level of mothers, ranging from 31.3% in those with no more than elementary school degree to 18.5% in those with a university degree (χ 2 for trend = 5.1; p = 0.024), and for education level of fathers (χ 2 for trend = 4.52; p = 0.03). No significant differences were found according to gender (χ 2 = 0.87; p = 0.352), father’s age (χ 2 for trend = 0.18; p = 0.676), and child order (χ 2 for trend = 0.3; p = 0.583). Some of the infant feeding practices, such as history and duration of breastfeeding, having experienced sleep with sweetened bottle or pacifier, and time of onset of cup use appear to be related to ECC experience, since ECC prevalence significantly increased from 15.8% in non breastfed subjects to 30.8% in children who were breastfed for 20 months or longer (χ 2 for trend = 4.1; p = 0.043), from 17.2% in those who did not have the habit to go to sleep with sweetened bottle or pacifier to 25.5% in those who did (χ 2 = 3.55; p = 0.06), and from 16.2% to 25% with increasing age when children started using cups (χ 2 for trend = 4.44; p = 0.035). The other feeding/eating practices investigated, that is non-nutritive sucking habits with finger and/or pacifier (χ 2 = 0.79; p = 0.374), bottle feeding (χ 2 = 1.47; p = 0.225) and frequency of sweets consumption (Fisher’s exact p = 0.241) did not show any significant association with ECC. Analogously, none of the oral hygiene habits taken into account, such as frequency (χ 2 for trend = 0.67; p = 0.415), time of onset (χ 2 for trend = 1.57; p = 0.21), and adult supervision of toothbrushing (χ 2 = 0.02; p = 0.899), as well as toothpaste (Fisher’s exact p = 0.24) and fluoride supplements (χ 2 = 0.08; p = 0.772) use, seems to influence significantly the risk of ECC in our sample. By contrast, having been visited by a dentist in the previous year is associated with a more than doubled prevalence of ECC, compared to those who did not have access (χ 2 = 26.6; p < 0.001).
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