Secondly, adult education and self-directed learning have given positive examples of individuals being in control of their own learning. However, as such, self-directed learning and autonomous learning are not considered to be the same thing. Benson (2011: 37) mentions that the main difference between autonomy in language learning and self-directed learning is that autonomy is more of an “attribute of the learner” whereas self-directed learning is more of a “mode of learning”. According to Benson (2011: 27), educational reform was also an influence in the development of autonomous language learning, as it promotes freedom in learning. In addition, Benson (2011: 49) mentions the development of the concept of personal autonomy in the field of philosophy, based on ideas from Kant (1724-1804) and Mill (1806-1873). Personal autonomy is often considered as one of the basic human needs, as humans from a young age show individual characteristics and actively pursue their own agendas. Philosophy has continued to contribute to the field of learner autonomy, especially in the past 20 years, for instance with the ideas of the post-modern self (Benson quotes for instance Raz 1986). However, from philosophy there are 11 only few straight references to the field of educational autonomy, even though it has given a lot to the field of learner autonomy implicitly (Benson 2011:52).
Secondly, adult education and self-directed learning have given positive examples of individuals being in control of their own learning. However, as such, self-directed learning and autonomous learning are not considered to be the same thing. Benson (2011: 37) mentions that the main difference between autonomy in language learning and self-directed learning is that autonomy is more of an “attribute of the learner” whereas self-directed learning is more of a “mode of learning”. According to Benson (2011: 27), educational reform was also an influence in the development of autonomous language learning, as it promotes freedom in learning. In addition, Benson (2011: 49) mentions the development of the concept of personal autonomy in the field of philosophy, based on ideas from Kant (1724-1804) and Mill (1806-1873). Personal autonomy is often considered as one of the basic human needs, as humans from a young age show individual characteristics and actively pursue their own agendas. Philosophy has continued to contribute to the field of learner autonomy, especially in the past 20 years, for instance with the ideas of the post-modern self (Benson quotes for instance Raz 1986). However, from philosophy there are 11 only few straight references to the field of educational autonomy, even though it has given a lot to the field of learner autonomy implicitly (Benson 2011:52).
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