As for the removal of TN, the removal efficiency was noted to be
lower than those documented by some other researchers (Huang
et al., 2000; Korkusuz et al., 2005; Zurita et al., 2009) due to a higher
hydraulic loading rate (250 mm/d) used in the present study as
compared to theirs (18–100 mm/d). Nevertheless, the IVCW system
was superior in TN removal compared with free water surface
CWs and horizontal subsurface CWs when operated at a similar
high loading rate and pollutant loading rate (Table 4).