ship’s emissions from using onshore power is
estimated at over 90 per cent (Ports & Harbors,
2014). In California, ships without a shore
electricity connection will be banned from its
ports in 2014, and by 2020 80 per cent of the
power used by a ship must come from the
shore connection. In Europe, ships berthing for
more than two hours are required to switch to
a 0.1 per cent sulphur fuel or use alternative
technologies (Ports & Harbors, 2013).