the state-led process of rapid modernization since 1960 is also an important reason for the entrenchment of authoritarianism in korean society. authoritarianism had clearly established itself during the process of modernization. it became the central principle by which human and material resources were mobilized and consolidated under the objective of economic growth. the resources mobilized under a chin of command that allowed for few exceptions were organized under a strict hierarchical system that was implemented with coercion.