Wavelength correction was carried out by using the mercury (Hg) lamp with 0.2 nm bandwidth and records
the peaks at 253.7 nm, 546.1 nm, 871.6 nm. The average value was calculated by using the relationship
1 i λ λ = ∑n , where λ is average value, λi is measured value. The difference between the average value λ
and the standard is the wavelength accuracy. The difference between the maximum value and minimum value is
the wavelength reproducibility. All the measurements were made triplicate. For the resolution studies at 0.2 nm
bandwidth manganese HCL having 2 mA current was used and ratio of maxima and minima of recorded peaks
was calculated. The instrument was run with a copper lamp installed, for thirty minutes at 0.2 nm bandwidth and
set lamp current to 3 mA after searching the peak at 324.7 nm by flame working mode. Set the display range
±0.006 absorption units. The baseline stability was calculated by average difference between maximum and
minimum absorption value. Adjusted the bandwidth at 0.4 nm using copper HCL and the parameters to conditions
presented in Table 1 then alternately measure the copper standard solution (0.5 µg/mL) and blank solution
(0.5% nitric acid). Calculate the characteristics concentration by using the formula: Cc = 0.0044 × C/A, where C
is concentration of standard solution and A is average absorbance (n = 5). Adjusted the parameters to optimum
conditions using copper HCL and set the absorbance display to four decimal places with integration time of 3
sec with continuously measured the blank solution (0.5% nitric acid) 20 times. Calculated the detection limit by
using the relationship 3 × SD, where SD is standard deviation of blank. Programmed the graphite furnace heating
process and injected the 20 µL standard solution of cadmium (0.1 µg/mL) by using the cadmium HCL and
characteristics mass was calculated by formula: Qc = C × H × 0.0044/A, where C is concentration in g/L, H is
volume of sample in litres and A is absorbance. Precision of flame and graphite mode was evaluated by using
the 2.0 µg/mL and 0.1 µg/mL copper standard solutions respectively. Continuously measured the standard solution
and blank for 11 times alternatively for both the modes. The precision is presented in % RSD.