The lowest density of cookie dough were formulated US-treated IES tempered at 25 °C . than the ones obtained with the non US-treated counterpart. The highest dough density was observe for the cookies made with the non US-treated IES tempered at 25 °C. the size of lipid crystals in US-treated IES contributes to air incorporation in cookie dough.
it can be seen that slightly smaller crystals are obtained when the US-treated IES . adsorb to air bubbles incorporated into batter during mixing . These slightly smaller crystals resulted in better air incorporation and lower dough density as shown in Fig. 3A.