The second principle is associated with continuous improvement. According to TQM theory the best way to improve organizational output is to continually improve performance (Dale, 1996; Goetsch & Davis, 1994; Ho & Fung 1994). Quality improvement is not a task that has an end, as it is not static. The emphasis is on seeking improvement opportunities, not just holding the status quo. The focus is on planning, prevention, and anticipation (Dale, 1996). According to Oakland (1989), in order “to maintain a wave of interest in quality, it is necessary to develop generations of managers who…are dedicated to the pursuit of never-ending improvement in meeting external and internal customers needs” (p. 296). In addition, Juran (1988) notes that quality improvement requires the establishment of a quality council, which is the driver, to ensure that improvement is continuous and never-ending. Quality improvement can be achieved if an organization develops a management philosophy of continuous