Materials. The materials included a reading passage and corresponding test that were printed on either red or green paper. The reading passage was an excerpt from The Holistic Guide to Canine Health (Volhard & Brown, 2000), which included a 570-word explanation and one-page table covering the five-element theory applied to canine health, a topic that is likely unknown by most of the students. The corresponding test included 25 multiple-choice questions that assessed the participants’ retention of the material in the reading passage. The passage and test were printed on 24-lb stock paper that was either red or green. To avoid brightness and readability from being potential confounds, care was taken to select colors with equal luminance (see Table 1). This concern was one of the main reasons that we opted to only include two colors (one warm color and one cool color) and to not include white, which possesses the greatest luminance. Regarding the other reason for the inclusion of only two colors, we opted for a between-subjects design in order to eliminate negative practice and carryover effects, and we wanted to ensure an adequate number of participants in each condition for sufficient statistical power.