Methodology
Randomized-controlled trials that employed recognized
criteria for diagnosing the disorder, monitoring
or assessing symptoms and defining BD
relapses and that gave a detailed description of the
process of allocation and the content and duration
of a psychological and a control treatment intervention
for adults with BD were identified through
electronic and hand searches of the psychiatric
literature. In addition, research groups known to
be working in this field or to have undertaken
previously published studies were contacted to
obtain further details of the treatment outcomes, to
clarify any aspects of their previously reported data
and/or to request updates of ongoing RCTs or to
access follow-up data from published studies.
For the purposes of this review, only studies that
reported relapse rates and provided data on relapses
during the treatment phase and a follow-up period
of at least 6 months were included. Those studies
that compared an active treatment added to psychiatric
treatment to standard psychiatric treatment
alone [mainly outpatient clinical management (CM)
and medication] were included in a preliminary
meta-analysis. The odds ratios (OR) forBDrelapses
in the psychological treatment group when compared
with the control treatment group were calculated
and data from all studies were then combined
and the pooled OR and 95% confidence intervals
(95% CI) were calculated using the Mantel-
Hanszeal fixed effects and random effects model
(both are described because the variable sample sizes
and methodologies may have influenced fixed
models, so random effects models are described as
a comparator). In addition, the number needed to
treat (NNT) with the psychological therapy was also
calculated. The NNT is used in evidence-based
medicine to allow comparisons of the effectiveness
of different treatments for different health problems,
it is defined as the number of individuals who need to
receive the experimental intervention to prevent one
additional adverse outcome (in this instance a BD
relapse). In general, NNTs of about 6 or less appear
to indicate that a treatment is clinically effective.
Results
Between the mid-1960s and mid-1990s, there were
about 30 publications on psychological treatments
for BD (for reviews see 2, 5). About 75% of these
were reports of family and group therapy approaches.
However, the total sample for all these studies
was only 300 subjects, only 13 papers were of RCTs
and many did not describe clear outcome criteria.
The data were not sufficiently robust to meet
inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, but the
trends suggested some benefit from adjunctive
psychotherapy. Since the late-1990s data have been
presented from about 17 RCTs (although some are
still in progress or describe the methodology rather
than the findings) in the form of published reports,
conference abstracts or posters. Many of these are
multicentre studies and about a third have sample
sizes that exceed 100 participants. Nearly all studies
included participants only when they were euthymic,
the exception was Scott et al. (10) who allowed
participation by individuals who were in episode.
The nine treatment trials (10–18) that met the
preset criteria for our review used a variety of
different therapy approaches. However, these
mainly fall into four broad groups: cognitive therapy
(CT) or approaches that primarily employ cognitive
and behavioural techniques; interpersonal social
rhythms therapy (IPSRT); family focussed therapy
(FFT) and psychoeducation. As shown in Fig. 1,
there is considerable overlap between the approaches
as they all target one or more of the following:
the individuals awareness and understanding of BD,
their adherence with the treatment regime, the
stability of their social rhythms and their ability to
recognize and manage the prodromes of BD relapse
or the internal and external stressors that may
increase their vulnerability to future relapse. A brief
overview of the key studies is given below.
MethodologyRandomized-controlled trials that employed recognizedcriteria for diagnosing the disorder, monitoringor assessing symptoms and defining BDrelapses and that gave a detailed description of theprocess of allocation and the content and durationof a psychological and a control treatment interventionfor adults with BD were identified throughelectronic and hand searches of the psychiatricliterature. In addition, research groups known tobe working in this field or to have undertakenpreviously published studies were contacted toobtain further details of the treatment outcomes, toclarify any aspects of their previously reported dataand/or to request updates of ongoing RCTs or toaccess follow-up data from published studies.For the purposes of this review, only studies thatreported relapse rates and provided data on relapsesduring the treatment phase and a follow-up periodof at least 6 months were included. Those studiesthat compared an active treatment added to psychiatrictreatment to standard psychiatric treatmentalone [mainly outpatient clinical management (CM)and medication] were included in a preliminarymeta-analysis. The odds ratios (OR) forBDrelapsesin the psychological treatment group when comparedwith the control treatment group were calculatedand data from all studies were then combinedand the pooled OR and 95% confidence intervals(95% CI) were calculated using the Mantel-Hanszeal fixed effects and random effects model(both are described because the variable sample sizesand methodologies may have influenced fixedmodels, so random effects models are described asa comparator). In addition, the number needed totreat (NNT) with the psychological therapy was alsocalculated. The NNT is used in evidence-basedmedicine to allow comparisons of the effectivenessof different treatments for different health problems,it is defined as the number of individuals who need toreceive the experimental intervention to prevent oneadditional adverse outcome (in this instance a BDrelapse). In general, NNTs of about 6 or less appearto indicate that a treatment is clinically effective.ResultsBetween the mid-1960s and mid-1990s, there wereabout 30 publications on psychological treatmentsfor BD (for reviews see 2, 5). About 75% of thesewere reports of family and group therapy approaches.However, the total sample for all these studieswas only 300 subjects, only 13 papers were of RCTsand many did not describe clear outcome criteria.The data were not sufficiently robust to meetinclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, but thetrends suggested some benefit from adjunctivepsychotherapy. Since the late-1990s data have beenpresented from about 17 RCTs (although some arestill in progress or describe the methodology ratherthan the findings) in the form of published reports,conference abstracts or posters. Many of these aremulticentre studies and about a third have samplesizes that exceed 100 participants. Nearly all studiesincluded participants only when they were euthymic,the exception was Scott et al. (10) who allowedparticipation by individuals who were in episode.The nine treatment trials (10–18) that met thepreset criteria for our review used a variety ofdifferent therapy approaches. However, thesemainly fall into four broad groups: cognitive therapy(CT) or approaches that primarily employ cognitiveand behavioural techniques; interpersonal socialrhythms therapy (IPSRT); family focussed therapy(FFT) and psychoeducation. As shown in Fig. 1,there is considerable overlap between the approachesas they all target one or more of the following:the individuals awareness and understanding of BD,their adherence with the treatment regime, thestability of their social rhythms and their ability torecognize and manage the prodromes of BD relapseor the internal and external stressors that mayincrease their vulnerability to future relapse. A briefoverview of the key studies is given below.
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