However, it was noted that
the bio-oil product contains a significant amount (53 wt%) of
water, low pH (2.5) and high oxygen content (71.40 wt%). FT-IR
analysis also showed that the bio-oil compositions were
dominated by oxygenated species. Obviously, the highoxygenated
oils need to be upgraded in order to raise the
heating values before it can be for industrial fuels.