where Io and Vo are the output current and output voltage of
the PV module, respectively, Ig is the generated current under
a given insolation, Isat is the reverse saturation current, q is the
charge of an electron, K is the Boltzmann’s constant, A is the
ideality factor, Tmod is the temperature (K) of the PV module,
Np is the number of cells in parallel, and Irsh is the current due
to intrinsic shunt resistance of the PV module.