The adoption of technological advances, especially post
World War Two has created a common situation of excessive
vineyard vigour. This is particularly the case in the New
World, where the benefits of improved soil preparation, irrigation,
nutrition, fertilization and pest, disease and weed
control practices have resulted in increased vigour. Further,
there are many New World situations where vineyards have
been planted on deep and fertile soils. The result of increased
vine vigour is typically increased within-canopy shade.
Recent research into canopy management has provided techniques to avoid shade