Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds
with two or more fused benzene rings (US EPA 1984;
Nisbet and Lagoy 1992), and they are typical persistent organic
pollutants displaying teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic
effects in living organisms (Wornat et al. 2001; Durant et al.
1999; US EPA 1984; Nisbet and Lagoy 1992). PAHs exhibit
bioaccumulation patterns and are commonly detected in the
atmosphere, waters, soil, sediments, and biological media
(Edwards 1983; Giacalone et al. 2004; Laflamme and Hites
1979). Humans are exposed to PAHs mainly through inhalation
and ingestion (Chen et al. 2012), and these substances
threaten human health by causing lung, stomach, esophagus,
and skin cancers (Li et al. 2011). Therefore, PAHs have
attracted widespread attention from research communities