The model originally promoted by Braj Kachru and representing
English worldwide as Inner, Outer, and Expanding circles has helped
valorize denigrated varieties by drawing attention to commonalities
across old and new varieties and by altering perceptions of their communicative
potential and relative prestige. However, the model suffers
from being based in a political/historical view of English worldwide
and thus fails to capture transplantations of the language in locations
not formally recorded by colonial history. Because it promotes specific
varieties, the model also ignores variation within locales, especially
where the gap between those who know English and those who do not
is vast. Overall, the model encourages broad-brush descriptions of
manifestations of English across all three circles that do not stand up
to sociolinguistic analysis. In response, it is suggested that the model
can continue to serve as a shorthand for English worldwide but that it
must adapt by (1) moving away from a focus on nation-states in favor
of a sociolinguistic focus on English-speaking communities wherever
they are found and (2) recognizing that fundamental differences across
contexts for English worldwide cannot be glossed over in support of
specific varieties if we are to arrive at descriptively adequate sociolinguistics
and socially relevant language policies.
The model originally promoted by Braj Kachru and representing
English worldwide as Inner, Outer, and Expanding circles has helped
valorize denigrated varieties by drawing attention to commonalities
across old and new varieties and by altering perceptions of their communicative
potential and relative prestige. However, the model suffers
from being based in a political/historical view of English worldwide
and thus fails to capture transplantations of the language in locations
not formally recorded by colonial history. Because it promotes specific
varieties, the model also ignores variation within locales, especially
where the gap between those who know English and those who do not
is vast. Overall, the model encourages broad-brush descriptions of
manifestations of English across all three circles that do not stand up
to sociolinguistic analysis. In response, it is suggested that the model
can continue to serve as a shorthand for English worldwide but that it
must adapt by (1) moving away from a focus on nation-states in favor
of a sociolinguistic focus on English-speaking communities wherever
they are found and (2) recognizing that fundamental differences across
contexts for English worldwide cannot be glossed over in support of
specific varieties if we are to arrive at descriptively adequate sociolinguistics
and socially relevant language policies.
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