One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the effect
of canopy treatment on GLI. Split-plot ANOVA was used to test
the effects of canopy and cultural treatments on soil moisture, soil
temperature, and foliar nutrients in each year. Repeated measures
ANOVA was used to examine the changes in foliar nutrients over
time. Soil moisture data were log-transformed to improve normality
(Krebs, 1999). All analyses were performed using PROC MIXED
in SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2004) with mixed-models and a random
block effect. In the case of a significant interaction between mainplot
and subplot effects, we used the SLICE statement to determine
significant effects of one treatment (i.e., canopy or cultural) within
each level of the other treatment. Tukey’s honestly significant difference
(HSD) test was used to determine differences in pairwise
comparison among the canopy and cultural treatments for each
variable. The level of statistical significance was set as a = 0.05.