Over the last few decades, mass industrialization and various
agricultural activities such as the intensive use of chemical
fertilizers, wastewater and biosolids, have resulted in increased
levels of heavy metals in soils [1]. Although heavy metals can
occur lithogenically in unpolluted and undisturbed soils, generally
concentrations are low and pose limited risk to the immediate
environment [2]. These metals when present in excessive concentrations
can damage the environment and soil organisms [3].
Recycled water is extensively used in agriculture due to the rich