Our results suggest a 2.5-fold increase of CKD risk also with the short-term use of ketorolac,
implying that this high-potency NSAID could facilitate progression of subclinical CKD leading
to clinically manifested CKD. While many NSAIDs are indicated for chronic conditions such
as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, ketorolac is indicated only for short-term use (i.e.,
maximum of 5 days as oral therapy or two days as intramuscular therapy) for the treatment of
moderate-severe acute pain, including post-surgical pain [45, 46]. In the past, ketorolac was
also used in the long-term management of chronic cancer pain and pain of other etiologies
(e.g. osteoarthritis). Over the years, there has been an increasing awareness of the risk of adverse
effects with ketorolac, especially gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration. The duration of
ketorolac use was therefore restricted to just a few days of therapy [47].
Our results suggest a 2.5-fold increase of CKD risk also with the short-term use of ketorolac,implying that this high-potency NSAID could facilitate progression of subclinical CKD leadingto clinically manifested CKD. While many NSAIDs are indicated for chronic conditions suchas osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, ketorolac is indicated only for short-term use (i.e.,maximum of 5 days as oral therapy or two days as intramuscular therapy) for the treatment ofmoderate-severe acute pain, including post-surgical pain [45, 46]. In the past, ketorolac wasalso used in the long-term management of chronic cancer pain and pain of other etiologies(e.g. osteoarthritis). Over the years, there has been an increasing awareness of the risk of adverseeffects with ketorolac, especially gastrointestinal bleeding or ulceration. The duration ofketorolac use was therefore restricted to just a few days of therapy [47].
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