Both countries have shifted toward a corporate model of plantation agriculture. In Malaysia, the Federal Land Development Authority, originally established to settle landless farmers, now operates as one of the world's largest plantation companies. It is indistinguishable from other global giants such as Sime Darby, and both are closely linked to the ruling party. Indonesian policy previously mandated nucleus estate schemes that left 70% of the land in the hands smallholders, who received inputs and advice from the central plantation. Policy now favours partnership' schemes, which leave landholders with a paltry and insecure 20% shareholding in the plantation and often no role other than as plantation workers. out in an inclusive and transparent way, oil palm development can alleviate poverty and provide employment. in both countries, local residents and internal migrants often gainful However, entirely. T plantation model can also receive limited benefits from development land about two-thirds of workers are lead to vulnerability among poorly paid workers. In Malaysia, migrants, many with illegal or uncertain residential status.