Perhaps the roots of entrepreneurial activities in the social sector context can be drawn to cooperatives
which have functioned as a means to fund socioeconomic agendas as early as the mid-1800s. Robert
Owen (1771-1858) fathered the cooperative movement. A Welshman who made his fortune in the
cotton trade, Owen believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for
themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the cotton mills of New
Lanark, Scotland. It was here that the first cooperative store was opened. Spurred on by the success of
this, he had the idea of forming "villages of cooperation" where workers would help themselves out of
poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing.5
Cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) as "an autonomous association
of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and
aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.6" They "are based on the
values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the tradition of their
founders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibility
and caring for others.7" Noticeably, the cooperative definition and characteristics are those embraced by
social entrepreneurship
Perhaps the roots of entrepreneurial activities in the social sector context can be drawn to cooperativeswhich have functioned as a means to fund socioeconomic agendas as early as the mid-1800s. RobertOwen (1771-1858) fathered the cooperative movement. A Welshman who made his fortune in thecotton trade, Owen believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education forthemselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the cotton mills of NewLanark, Scotland. It was here that the first cooperative store was opened. Spurred on by the success ofthis, he had the idea of forming "villages of cooperation" where workers would help themselves out ofpoverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing.5Cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) as "an autonomous associationof persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs andaspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise.6" They "are based on thevalues of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity. In the tradition of theirfounders, cooperative members believe in the ethical values of honesty, openness, social responsibilityand caring for others.7" Noticeably, the cooperative definition and characteristics are those embraced byผู้ประกอบการทางสังคม
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