3. Discussion and Conclusions
According to Lesh and Doerr; In recent years, studies on the use of modeling activities in mathematics, most of which have been mostly carried out abroad, have revealed that modeling activities are extremely useful tools for mathematics education [7]. In many countries there is a tendency to give a larger place to mathematical modeling in curriculums. It is emphasized that mathematical modeling is one of the main objectives mathematics instruction in secondary school curriculum in Germany. For instance, in Germany “mathematical modeling skill” is among the 6 basic skills in new “educational standards” in mathematics in Germany [4]. As a result, it can be argued that mathematical modeling is not used commonly from elementary schools to universities and teachers do not sufficiently know its theoretical basis. Even though mathematical modeling is given place in the MNE mathematical education program which has been implemented since 2005, samples of modeling circle and application do not achieve desired level of profoundness and significance.
In Turkish the concept of model is defined as “an object, a person or a form with a certain characteristic”, we can say the concept of “modeling” does not have an equivalent. The concept of modeling in physics is used to indicate “showcasing a term related to physics, an atom or a molecule by drawing on a piece of paper or a model”. The topic of modeling is superficially studied in mathematics education programs. Similarly, it is seen that there are not courses about modeling in teacher education or especially in mathematics teacher education. In its broadest sense, mathematical modeling is the process of a problem solving by the mathematical expression of real life event or a problem. This process enables learners to relate mathematics to real life and to learn it more meaningfully and permanently.
Mathematical literacy was defined in PISA 2012 as a person's capacity to use, interpret and formulate mathematics in various situations [29]. PISA Mathematical Literacy Sufficiency Levels are formed of 6 stages. It is expected for the students at the 4th level and above (5th and 6th levels) todevelop skills for working efficiently with the modeling activities, developing and using models and creating concepts and generalizations in their own modeling works [27]. Because of the importance given to "mathematical modeling" in the education programs in countries throughout the world and the international examinations such as PISA, we have to attach necessary importance to this topic in order to not fall behind the modern understanding of education.
It is suggested in primary education and secondary education mathematics programs developed based on constructive learning theory, which was put into use in 2005 and which was updated later, that students should be made to study on model formation activities. While "modeling and problem solving skill " is the first among basic skills and qualifications which are aimed to be given to students in secondary education mathematics program, it is implicitly included as one of the basic skills and qualifications that should be given to students in primary and secondary school mathematics programs. However, it is seen that model examples are presented frequently during the activities in primary school and secondary school programs and activities and model examples are not presented frequently in secondary education program. In this sense, it is necessary to examine theoretical structure of "modeling" topic more deeply in mathematics programs and the modeling activities should be included in mathematics programs. As a result, in MNE mathematics curriculum, the theoretical structure of “modeling” is to be given in more details and modeling activities are to be given. There must be a consistency between elementary school and secondary school and high school mathematics course syllabuses in terms of modeling. In a study by Çiltaş and Yılmaz [6] which they carried out with 144 prospective teachers to determine their ability to express mathematical theorems as mathematical models, it was determined that prospective teachers could not draw mathematical models suitable for relevant theorems or constructed wrong models. This indicates that prospective teachers are not adequately trained in pre-service education to be equipped to use this approach in practice. For this reason, it is necessary for teachers and academicians in the university to have some important competencies. Necessary suggestions are listed below:
3. อภิปรายและสรุป ตาม Lesh และ Doerr ในปีที่ ศึกษาผลการใช้โมเดลในคณิตศาสตร์ ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่มีส่วนใหญ่ดำเนินการต่างประเทศ ได้เปิดเผยว่า กิจกรรมการสร้างแบบจำลองเป็นเครื่องมือที่มีประโยชน์อย่างมากสำหรับการศึกษาคณิตศาสตร์ [7] ในหลายประเทศ มีแนวโน้มที่จะให้สร้างแบบจำลองทางคณิตศาสตร์ในหลักสูตรมีขนาดใหญ่ เน้นว่า โมเดลทางคณิตศาสตร์เป็นการเรียนการสอนคณิตศาสตร์ของวัตถุประสงค์หลักในหลักสูตรมัธยมศึกษาในประเทศเยอรมนี เช่น เยอรมนี "ทักษะการสร้างแบบจำลองทางคณิตศาสตร์" เป็นหนึ่งในทักษะพื้นฐาน 6 ใน "การศึกษามาตรฐานใหม่" ในวิชาคณิตศาสตร์ในเยอรมนี [4] เป็นผล มันสามารถโต้เถียงว่า โมเดลทางคณิตศาสตร์ไม่ได้ใช้ทั่วไปจากโรงเรียนประถมศึกษา และครูไม่พอทราบพื้นฐานของทฤษฎี แม้ว่าการสร้างแบบจำลองทางคณิตศาสตร์จะได้รับในโปรแกรมการศึกษาคณิตศาสตร์ MNE ซึ่งถูกนำมาใช้ตั้งแต่ 2005 ตัวอย่างของแบบจำลองวงกลมและประยุกต์ให้บรรลุระดับที่ต้องการของสองกลุ่มและความสำคัญ In Turkish the concept of model is defined as “an object, a person or a form with a certain characteristic”, we can say the concept of “modeling” does not have an equivalent. The concept of modeling in physics is used to indicate “showcasing a term related to physics, an atom or a molecule by drawing on a piece of paper or a model”. The topic of modeling is superficially studied in mathematics education programs. Similarly, it is seen that there are not courses about modeling in teacher education or especially in mathematics teacher education. In its broadest sense, mathematical modeling is the process of a problem solving by the mathematical expression of real life event or a problem. This process enables learners to relate mathematics to real life and to learn it more meaningfully and permanently. Mathematical literacy was defined in PISA 2012 as a person's capacity to use, interpret and formulate mathematics in various situations [29]. PISA Mathematical Literacy Sufficiency Levels are formed of 6 stages. It is expected for the students at the 4th level and above (5th and 6th levels) todevelop skills for working efficiently with the modeling activities, developing and using models and creating concepts and generalizations in their own modeling works [27]. Because of the importance given to "mathematical modeling" in the education programs in countries throughout the world and the international examinations such as PISA, we have to attach necessary importance to this topic in order to not fall behind the modern understanding of education. It is suggested in primary education and secondary education mathematics programs developed based on constructive learning theory, which was put into use in 2005 and which was updated later, that students should be made to study on model formation activities. While "modeling and problem solving skill " is the first among basic skills and qualifications which are aimed to be given to students in secondary education mathematics program, it is implicitly included as one of the basic skills and qualifications that should be given to students in primary and secondary school mathematics programs. However, it is seen that model examples are presented frequently during the activities in primary school and secondary school programs and activities and model examples are not presented frequently in secondary education program. In this sense, it is necessary to examine theoretical structure of "modeling" topic more deeply in mathematics programs and the modeling activities should be included in mathematics programs. As a result, in MNE mathematics curriculum, the theoretical structure of “modeling” is to be given in more details and modeling activities are to be given. There must be a consistency between elementary school and secondary school and high school mathematics course syllabuses in terms of modeling. In a study by Çiltaş and Yılmaz [6] which they carried out with 144 prospective teachers to determine their ability to express mathematical theorems as mathematical models, it was determined that prospective teachers could not draw mathematical models suitable for relevant theorems or constructed wrong models. This indicates that prospective teachers are not adequately trained in pre-service education to be equipped to use this approach in practice. For this reason, it is necessary for teachers and academicians in the university to have some important competencies. Necessary suggestions are listed below:
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