Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)[2]
PFPS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is defined as pain behind or around the patella. It is synonymous with the term retro-patellar pain and has in the past been referred to as chondromalacia patellae. It is caused by compressive forces in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). PFPS is very common. Symptoms are usually provoked by climbing or descending stairs, squatting and sitting with flexed knees for long periods of time.
PFPS seems to be multifactorial, resulting from a complex interaction between intrinsic anatomy and external training factors.[3] Pain and dysfunction often result from either abnormal forces or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces between the patella and the femur at the PFJ.
PFPS is a common cause of knee pain in adolescents and young adults, especially among those who are physically active and regularly participate in sports. Although PFPS most often presents in adolescents and young adults, it can occur at any age. Over half of all cases are bilateral (but one side is often more affected than the other).
The potential causes of PFPS remain controversial but include overuse, overloading and misuse of the PFJ. Underlying causes of PFPS include:
Overuse of the knee - eg, in sporting activities.
Reduced muscle strength in the hip abductors and excessive hip adduction altering the biomechanics at the PFJ.
Minor problems in the alignment of the knee.
Foot problems - eg, flat feet, although whether this is cause or effect is disputed.
Repeated minor injuries to the knee due to sport or hypermobility affecting the knee.
Increased Q angle is no longer believed to be a risk factor for PFPS.
Management of PFPS
Multimodal physiotherapy as well as exercises focusing on strengthening posterolateral hip muscles, have been shown to reduce pain for up to one year, although the studies are of low quality.[4]
In addition to physiotherapy, foot orthoses are often used in the management of PFPS and may offer marginal benefit.[5]
A Cochrane review concluded that there are insufficient data to demonstrate any long-term benefits from patella taping.[6]
The role of knee braces is controversial.[7]
Barefoot running reduces PFJ stress and may prove to be a novel approach for runners with PFPS.[8]
Surgery is very rarely indicated.[9] Distal realignment to offload the PFJ (Fulkerson osteotomy) is the procedure of choice but should only be considered in patients with persistent pain who also have confirmed chondromalacia patellae, as it is not without risks of complications. Lateral retinacular release alone has been shown to benefit only 25% of patients and may make their symptoms worse.
Prognosis of PFPS
In younger patients, if appropriate action is taken at an early stage, exercise adjusted accordingly and the quadriceps muscles built up then the outlook for full functional recovery is very good.
In older affected patients, there may be progression to osteoarthritis.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)[2] PFPS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is defined as pain behind or around the patella. It is synonymous with the term retro-patellar pain and has in the past been referred to as chondromalacia patellae. It is caused by compressive forces in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). PFPS is very common. Symptoms are usually provoked by climbing or descending stairs, squatting and sitting with flexed knees for long periods of time.PFPS seems to be multifactorial, resulting from a complex interaction between intrinsic anatomy and external training factors.[3] Pain and dysfunction often result from either abnormal forces or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces between the patella and the femur at the PFJ.PFPS is a common cause of knee pain in adolescents and young adults, especially among those who are physically active and regularly participate in sports. Although PFPS most often presents in adolescents and young adults, it can occur at any age. Over half of all cases are bilateral (but one side is often more affected than the other).The potential causes of PFPS remain controversial but include overuse, overloading and misuse of the PFJ. Underlying causes of PFPS include:Overuse of the knee - eg, in sporting activities.Reduced muscle strength in the hip abductors and excessive hip adduction altering the biomechanics at the PFJ.Minor problems in the alignment of the knee.Foot problems - eg, flat feet, although whether this is cause or effect is disputed.Repeated minor injuries to the knee due to sport or hypermobility affecting the knee.Increased Q angle is no longer believed to be a risk factor for PFPS.Management of PFPSMultimodal physiotherapy as well as exercises focusing on strengthening posterolateral hip muscles, have been shown to reduce pain for up to one year, although the studies are of low quality.[4] In addition to physiotherapy, foot orthoses are often used in the management of PFPS and may offer marginal benefit.[5] A Cochrane review concluded that there are insufficient data to demonstrate any long-term benefits from patella taping.[6]The role of knee braces is controversial.[7] Barefoot running reduces PFJ stress and may prove to be a novel approach for runners with PFPS.[8] Surgery is very rarely indicated.[9] Distal realignment to offload the PFJ (Fulkerson osteotomy) is the procedure of choice but should only be considered in patients with persistent pain who also have confirmed chondromalacia patellae, as it is not without risks of complications. Lateral retinacular release alone has been shown to benefit only 25% of patients and may make their symptoms worse.Prognosis of PFPSIn younger patients, if appropriate action is taken at an early stage, exercise adjusted accordingly and the quadriceps muscles built up then the outlook for full functional recovery is very good.In older affected patients, there may be progression to osteoarthritis.
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Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)[2]
PFPS is a diagnosis of exclusion and is defined as pain behind or around the patella. It is synonymous with the term retro-patellar pain and has in the past been referred to as chondromalacia patellae. It is caused by compressive forces in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). PFPS is very common. Symptoms are usually provoked by climbing or descending stairs, squatting and sitting with flexed knees for long periods of time.
PFPS seems to be multifactorial, resulting from a complex interaction between intrinsic anatomy and external training factors.[3] Pain and dysfunction often result from either abnormal forces or prolonged repetitive compressive or shearing forces between the patella and the femur at the PFJ.
PFPS is a common cause of knee pain in adolescents and young adults, especially among those who are physically active and regularly participate in sports. Although PFPS most often presents in adolescents and young adults, it can occur at any age. Over half of all cases are bilateral (but one side is often more affected than the other).
The potential causes of PFPS remain controversial but include overuse, overloading and misuse of the PFJ. Underlying causes of PFPS include:
Overuse of the knee - eg, in sporting activities.
Reduced muscle strength in the hip abductors and excessive hip adduction altering the biomechanics at the PFJ.
Minor problems in the alignment of the knee.
Foot problems - eg, flat feet, although whether this is cause or effect is disputed.
Repeated minor injuries to the knee due to sport or hypermobility affecting the knee.
Increased Q angle is no longer believed to be a risk factor for PFPS.
Management of PFPS
Multimodal physiotherapy as well as exercises focusing on strengthening posterolateral hip muscles, have been shown to reduce pain for up to one year, although the studies are of low quality.[4]
In addition to physiotherapy, foot orthoses are often used in the management of PFPS and may offer marginal benefit.[5]
A Cochrane review concluded that there are insufficient data to demonstrate any long-term benefits from patella taping.[6]
The role of knee braces is controversial.[7]
Barefoot running reduces PFJ stress and may prove to be a novel approach for runners with PFPS.[8]
Surgery is very rarely indicated.[9] Distal realignment to offload the PFJ (Fulkerson osteotomy) is the procedure of choice but should only be considered in patients with persistent pain who also have confirmed chondromalacia patellae, as it is not without risks of complications. Lateral retinacular release alone has been shown to benefit only 25% of patients and may make their symptoms worse.
Prognosis of PFPS
In younger patients, if appropriate action is taken at an early stage, exercise adjusted accordingly and the quadriceps muscles built up then the outlook for full functional recovery is very good.
In older affected patients, there may be progression to osteoarthritis.
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