Combination involves the creation of explicit knowledge by articulating explicit knowledge obtained from multiple sources. The findings showed that farmers captured and integrated new explicit knowledge by collecting externalised knowledge from other farmers (e.g. by borrowing books from other farmers and the library) as shown in Table 1. These printed materials included books (7.2%; 13), newsletters (7.2%; 13), newspapers (5.5%; 10) and posters (2.8%; 5). However, print media were used at a low rate in the local communities to create explicit knowledge, potentially ascribed to a lack of reading habit, knowledge culture and bookshops and rural libraries.