income exist for elders in various immigrant categories. Note that Figure 3 groups all elderly
immigrants within an immigrant category together. It does not disaggregate these populations by
age at landing. However, the text which follows provides further detail on the experiences of
specific elderly groups within each immigrant category.
Elderly immigrants who landed as Skilled Principal Applicants reported higher annual incomes,
than those who landed under any other immigration category.12 Long-term elderly immigrants in
this category had an annual income of $25 000 at first observation and this income increased to
$35 000 by the 20-year mark. Skilled Principal Applicants in the short-term elderly group, on
average, reported an annual income of approximately $20 000 over the period. Although the
number of immediate elders who landed as Skilled Principal Applicants is relatively small, it is
worth noting that the annual income for this group was also higher than the average for all
immediate elders presented in Figure 2. The sharp increase in income at the 10- to 11-year mark,
apparent in Figure 2, was not present for elderly immigrants in the skilled principal applicant
category