swimming and the gliding, although not quantified, but as the fish became airborne the pitch angle changed up to approximately 20° (Fig. 2). The flying fish were found to have oscillated their tails for (mean ± SE) 0.46 ± 0.10 s, with a 21.2 ± 4.6 Hz stroke cycle frequency (n = 10), just before leaping through the water surface at 20.0 ± 3.3° (n = 10; Table 3), with the angle of incidence to the horizon. Amplitude of fluctuation in swaying acceleration and stroke cycle frequency values did not differ between when the flying fish were taking off and swimming to escape from the predator under water (Table 3). However, the pitch angle calculated from surging acceleration, acceleration duration and amplitude of fluctuation in surging acceleration was significantly higher when the flying fish were leaping than when they were swimming under water. Correlations between stroke cycle frequency and acceleration duration during burst swimming were significantly different between burst swimming and gliding (p < 0.0001; Table 4). Fork length and body mass of fish were not found to significantly affect the correlations between stroke cycle frequency and acceleration duration, respectively (Table 4). While significant correlation between stroke cycle frequency and acceleration duration was detected in both burst swimming and gliding, there was