The dependent variables for investigating the effects on achievement were the
overall score and the knowledge and critical thinking subscores on an investigator-
made achievement test given at the conclusion of the unit of study.
Group means were compared using a one-way analysis of variance. Significant
differences favoring the 4MAT group were found for overall achievement (F
(1,52) = 6.19, p < .05) and on critical thinking questions (F (1,52) = 13.07,
p