In intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) metabolicderived
carbon dioxide can accumulate if there is a lack of degassing
processes or limited system water exchange. Elevated dissolved
CO2 concentration in the water will activate the primary stress
responses in fish causing significant physiological disturbances that
can result in can reduced growth, poor feed conversion, nephrocalcinosis,
or hypercalcinosis (Smart et al., 1979; Smart, 1981; Perry