The ‘volcanic’ model suggests that revolutions spontaneously break out from below. When tensions, grievances, and discontents pass a certain threshold, the masses rise up and overthrow the incumbent elites. Whereas the traditional colcanic model emphasized objective conditions of hardship, Goldstone’s fourth generation of revolutionary theory (Goldstone, 2001) highlights the importance of ideology and cultural framing in making people become aware of their conditions and in constructing feelings that existing socio-economic or political conditions are unacceptable.