Assumptions
Face and facework are universal phenomena. A Face-Negotiation Theory perspective stresses the impact of culture on the situated meaning of face and the enactment of facework. Thus, the theory assumes that.
1.Communication in all cultures is based on maintaining and negotiating face.
2.Face is problematic when identities are questioned.
3.Differences in individualistic vs. collectivistic and small vs. large power distance cultures profoundly shape face management.
4.Individualistic cultures prefer self oriented facework, and collectivistic cultures prefer other oriented facework.
5.Small power distance cultures prefer an “individuals are equal” framework, whereas large power distance cultures prefer a hierarchical framework.
6.Behavior is also influenced by cultural variances, individual, relational, and situational factors.
7.Competence in intercultural communication is a culmination of knowledge and mindfulness.