The biodiesel reactions were performed in a three-necked
round-bottom flask of 250 mL fitted with a water-cooled
condenser and thermometer. Agitation was performed simultaneously
by a mechanical stirrer. The catalyst was first activated by
dispersing it in methanol at 40 C with constant stirring for 40 min.
After the catalyst activation, required amount of WCO (heated at
100 C for 1 h prior to the reaction)was added to the reactor and the
reaction was carried out under the identified reaction conditions.
After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was filtered
through a Whatman 42 filter paper (125 mm diameter and a pore
size of 2.5 mm) and then centrifuged to separate the catalyst
completely. The remaining mixturewas allowed to stand for 24 h to
separate the different phases. Biodiesel was obtained as the top
layer where glycerol at the bottom. The biodiesel phase was further
purified by distillating in a laboratory scale batch vacuum distillation
flask to recover the unreacted methanol. The traces of water
were removed by treating with anhydrous Na2SO4. The biodiesel
yield was calculated by using Eq. (1) [18]. Similarly, the ester content
in the biodiesel produced from WCO was further determined
by 1H NMR using Eq. (2) [19,20].
Biodiesel yield ð%Þ ¼ WFAME MOil
3 WOil MFAME
100 (1)
ME content ð%Þ ¼
2AME
3AaCH2
100 (2)
where, AME is the integration value of the protons of the methyl
esters (the strong singlet peak), and AaCH2
is the integration value
of the methylene protons. Factors 2 and 3, in the numerator and
denominator respectively, are attributed to the fact that methylene
carbon possesses two protons and the alcohol (methanol derived)
carbon has three attached protons.
Gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization
detector was used to quantify the amounts of mono-glyceride diglyceride,
tri-glyceride and glycerol in the biodiesel obtained from
WCO at optimized reaction conditions following the ASTM
method [21].
such as reaction time of 4 h, methanol to oil molar ration of 15:1,
reaction temperature of 65 C, catalyst loading of 5 wt% and
agitation speed of 500 rpm. This suggests that C900 catalyst provides
sufficient catalytically active basic site density for transesterification
reaction to provide maximum biodiesel yield of
89.33%. Thus the utilization of waste chicken bones not only contributes
to proper disposal of waste but also provides a cheap
catalyst for biodiesel production.
Acknowledgement
The financial assistance provided by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
is gratefully acknowledged.
The biodiesel reactions were performed in a three-necked
round-bottom flask of 250 mL fitted with a water-cooled
condenser and thermometer. Agitation was performed simultaneously
by a mechanical stirrer. The catalyst was first activated by
dispersing it in methanol at 40 C with constant stirring for 40 min.
After the catalyst activation, required amount of WCO (heated at
100 C for 1 h prior to the reaction)was added to the reactor and the
reaction was carried out under the identified reaction conditions.
After reaction completion, the reaction mixture was filtered
through a Whatman 42 filter paper (125 mm diameter and a pore
size of 2.5 mm) and then centrifuged to separate the catalyst
completely. The remaining mixturewas allowed to stand for 24 h to
separate the different phases. Biodiesel was obtained as the top
layer where glycerol at the bottom. The biodiesel phase was further
purified by distillating in a laboratory scale batch vacuum distillation
flask to recover the unreacted methanol. The traces of water
were removed by treating with anhydrous Na2SO4. The biodiesel
yield was calculated by using Eq. (1) [18]. Similarly, the ester content
in the biodiesel produced from WCO was further determined
by 1H NMR using Eq. (2) [19,20].
Biodiesel yield ð%Þ ¼ WFAME MOil
3 WOil MFAME
100 (1)
ME content ð%Þ ¼
2AME
3AaCH2
100 (2)
where, AME is the integration value of the protons of the methyl
esters (the strong singlet peak), and AaCH2
is the integration value
of the methylene protons. Factors 2 and 3, in the numerator and
denominator respectively, are attributed to the fact that methylene
carbon possesses two protons and the alcohol (methanol derived)
carbon has three attached protons.
Gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization
detector was used to quantify the amounts of mono-glyceride diglyceride,
tri-glyceride and glycerol in the biodiesel obtained from
WCO at optimized reaction conditions following the ASTM
method [21].
such as reaction time of 4 h, methanol to oil molar ration of 15:1,
reaction temperature of 65 C, catalyst loading of 5 wt% and
agitation speed of 500 rpm. This suggests that C900 catalyst provides
sufficient catalytically active basic site density for transesterification
reaction to provide maximum biodiesel yield of
89.33%. Thus the utilization of waste chicken bones not only contributes
to proper disposal of waste but also provides a cheap
catalyst for biodiesel production.
Acknowledgement
The financial assistance provided by Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
is gratefully acknowledged.
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