In the wake of the August Revolution of 1945, and especially after the victory in the war of resistance against the French in 1954, the new government was faced with an illiteracy rate of over 85 per cent of the Vietnamese population and accordingly resolved to make education a priority. The education reforms of 1945 and 1950 established a basic system of national education comprising pre-school programmes, primary and secondary schools, popular education for adults and a network of colleges and universities. Similar reforms were also undertaken between 1945 and 1975 by the Sà i Gòn regime. In the wake of Reunification primary and secondary schools were brought under the control of the Ministry of Education and Training, whilst colleges and universities were brought under the management of the Ministry of Higher Education; since that time a series of further measures have been enacted by central government in conjunction with provincial and municipal authorities to create a fully-integrated national education system.