Training-related variables
For the development of the training construct we used five items referring to individual and team training and development, monitoring training and development, career development, work design, and performance appraisal (Katou & Budhwar, 2007). These items were measured on a scale ranging from 1 = not at all effective to 5 = highly effective. For example, the exact wording for the training and development item is, “In your opinion, how effective are your employee training and development programmes?” and for the work design item is, “In your opinion, how effective are your work design programmes?”