The PR program was comprised of range of motion exercises, chest expansion exercises, segmental breathing, and respiratory muscle training with incentive spirometry and breath-control training during aerobic activity. The PR program was started on the day of surgery unless a surgical complication occurred. However, complications, including problematic bleeding, infection, pneumothorax, hemothorax, or pneumonia did not occur in our patients. Systemic PR was offered by a skilled physical therapist 30 min/day during all admission days, and the self-PR program education with regular feedback was offered until 6 months after. Chest expansion exercises and segmental breathing exercises were provided to avoid shrinkage of the lungs postoperatively. The chest expansion exercises worked the upper and lower extremities and rib motion of the trunk, such as pump-handle and bucket-handle motions, to increase the anterior-posterior and transverse dimensions of the rib cage during inspiration. Segmental breathing exercises consisted of surface resistance with the patient's hand on the resected lobe to expand the target lobe. For increase of Respiratory muscle training with an inspirometer was provided to increase respiratory muscle strength and volume as well as breathing control. Inspirometer training was done in a sitting position, and the target inspiration volume was 80% of the last recorded forced vital capacity (FVC) value. Training was recommended at least three times a day for at least 20 minutes each. FVC was evaluated at the follow-up when the chest tube removed to regulate training intensity and frequency. Breathing-control training consisted of education about preventing interruptions in respiration due to pain or discomfort. Aerobic exercise included indoor ambulation activities, such as stair up and down exercises. Aerobic exercise was performed at moderate intensity which regulated by using the modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (mBS) after the 6-minute walking test.