A study conducted by Edington and Alysissa confirmed that, in studying these findings, there is a strong body of existing evidence which shows that health risk of employees were associated with health care costs and pharmaceutical costs. A growing body of literature also confirms that health risks are associated with the productivity measures of time away from work, workers' compensation, absenteeism. Furthermore, studies have shown that changes in risk were associated with changes in health care costs, tome-away-from-work.