van der Kamp and Masters
(2008) demonstrated that the nonverbal posture adopted by a goalkeeper influences
the penalty taker’s perception of the goalkeeper’s size and subsequent shooting
behavior (see also Masters, Poolton, & van der Kamp, 2010). Moreover, Moll,
Jordet, and Pepping (2010) have provided evidence suggesting that not only the
pre-performance nonverbal behaviors, but also certain celebratory post-performance
nonverbal behaviors (e.g., raising both arms above the head) of penalty takers have
potentially positive effects on teammates during penalty shootouts.