From each indigenous source, the isolation of A. aceti (KCCH 12654) was accomplished by inoculating on solid medium (SM)
(Table 1 ) and incubating at 30 C for 48 h. Inoculations were conducted with the pouring method as recommended by Zahoor, Siddique, and Farooq (2006). Isolated A. aceti colonies were subcultured in the liquid medium (LM) at 10% (v/v, 108 CFU/ml) and incubated at 30 C for 72 h with mild shaking for use as the vinegar starter in acetic fermentation