Some see sustainable development as a principle and ‘handrail’ to guide development; like liberty or justice – poorly defined but vital for civilisation and progress. Others see sustainable development as a way of integrating diverse disciplines and activities or specialists to achieve common goals. More and more go further to seek practical applications, tools and workable strategies, and often these are environmental managers. There will never be one universal route to sustainable development: sometimes it will have to be ‘bottom–up’ – driven by the people, mainly via participatory, local-focused and low-tech means (Kapoor, 2001); elsewhere, perhaps overlapping, there may be ‘top–down’, high-tech initiatives. I have avoided using terms like ‘appropriate’, because hopefully all approaches will be appropriate, regardless of their management style or degree of local participation.