Compared to theforest-harvesting and forest fire conditions, the non-disturbed-forest scenario generated only one twelfth (less than 8.5%) of theaverage erosion rate of the disturbed areas. In the comparison, the average erosion rate was 77 times lower focussing on the first four years of erosion after the vegetation disturbance. In this simulation, very severe erosion rates are only observable in some impluvi with a slope gradient greater than 50%. In reality forestland soil loss already starts to be severe at slope gradients around 15% in the forest harvested areas of the EU-28.The soil of the broadleaved