3. Adverb, adjective or participle phrase
In writing, standard subject-verb-object type sentences are used for a normal logical flow, and
are not designed to capture readers’ attention. More interesting, however, are inverted
sentences, such as this one, for the logical flow of an essay.
Speakers may use transition words like “now” for topic shifts. Also helpful are so-called
paratones on a new noun subject for making a topic transition.
4. there is / are + subject
These were traditionally viewed as mutually exclusive categories. There is another way to
look at this, however, as we will see later.
5. there + intransitive verb
At the time, no one dared challenge the reigning paradigm until the late 50s, except in
certain subfields. There seemed to be no substantial opposition to this view until two fronts
opened up in what would become a paradigm war.