Results also show that TELs generate statistically significant effects on per capita sales taxes and per capita income taxes. However, the effects run in opposite directions in the two models. The OLS model shows that TELs reduce per capita sales taxes and per capita income taxes by $15.75 and $10.94, respectively, while the 2SLS model indicates that TEL cities raise $492.81 per capita more sales taxes and $149.42 per capita more income taxes than cities without TELs, all other things being equal. Based on the mean values of per capita sales taxes ($136.52) and per capita income taxes ($29.72), the effects under the 2SLS model are substantially large. It should be noted that compared with property taxes, the reliance on sales taxes and income taxes is relatively limited in municipalities. As of 2006, local governments (including both counties and municipalities) in thirty-three states have access to local option sales taxes, among which twenty-two have authorized municipalities to collect these taxes while the other eleven only grant counties such authority (Federation of Tax Administrators 2006). In addition, eleven states allow municipalities to levy local income taxes. Nevertheless, not all municipal governments in these states exercise such authority (Tax Foundation 2008). In the data set used in this study, the employment of local option sales taxes seems much more prevalent than that of local option income taxes: around 73 percent of the observations report revenues from municipal sales taxes, and only 11 percent have municipal income taxes.